diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
index d1ecb76..0a30413 100644
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
                 "~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/1w_1.fq",
                 "~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/1w_2.fq",
                 "-o",
-                "/dev/null"
+                "/dev/null",
+                "-Z"
             ],
             "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}", // 当前工作路径：当前文件所在的工作空间
         },
@@ -58,6 +59,19 @@
             "program": "${workspaceRoot}/fastbwa",
             "args": [
                 "shm",
+                "-Z",
+                "~/data1/fmt_ref/human_g1k_v37_decoy.fasta"
+            ],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}", // 当前工作路径：当前文件所在的工作空间
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "pac to bref",
+            "preLaunchTask": "Build",
+            "type": "cppdbg",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "program": "${workspaceRoot}/fastbwa",
+            "args": [
+                "pac2bref",
                 "~/data1/fmt_ref/human_g1k_v37_decoy.fasta"
             ],
             "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}", // 当前工作路径：当前文件所在的工作空间
diff --git a/.vscode/settings.json b/.vscode/settings.json
index ba57521..d9cb6da 100644
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@
         "bntseq.h": "c",
         "inttypes.h": "c",
         "ertindex.h": "c",
-        "ertseeding.h": "c"
+        "ertseeding.h": "c",
+        "algorithm": "c",
+        "filesystem": "c"
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f5af91e..9506ced 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 CC=			gcc
-CFLAGS=		-g -Wall -Wno-unused-function -mavx2 -O2
+CFLAGS=		-g -Wall -Wno-unused-function -mavx2 #-O2
 WRAP_MALLOC=-DUSE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS
 
 SHOW_PERF= -DSHOW_PERF
diff --git a/bwa.c b/bwa.c
index 1d6bb1c..8827e57 100644
--- a/bwa.c
+++ b/bwa.c
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 #  include "malloc_wrap.h"
 #endif
 
-int bwa_verbose = 4;
+int bwa_verbose = 3;
 int bwa_dbg = 0;
 char bwa_rg_id[256];
 char *bwa_pg;
@@ -514,9 +514,11 @@ bwaidx_t *bwa_ertidx_load_from_disk(const char *hint)
 	{
 		char kmer_tbl_file_name[PATH_MAX];
 		char ml_tbl_file_name[PATH_MAX];
+		char bref_file_name[PATH_MAX];
 		sprintf(kmer_tbl_file_name, "%s.ert.kmer.table", prefix);
 		sprintf(ml_tbl_file_name, "%s.ert.mlt.table", prefix);
-		FILE *kmer_tbl_fd, *ml_tbl_fd;
+		sprintf(bref_file_name, "%s.ert.0123", prefix);
+		FILE *kmer_tbl_fd, *ml_tbl_fd, *bref_fd;
 		kmer_tbl_fd = fopen(kmer_tbl_file_name, "rb");
 		if (kmer_tbl_fd == NULL) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "[M::%s::ERT] Can't open k-mer index\n.", __func__);
@@ -558,10 +560,27 @@ bwaidx_t *bwa_ertidx_load_from_disk(const char *hint)
 			fprintf(stderr, "[M::%s::ERT] Reading multi-level tree index to memory\n", __func__);
 		}
 		err_fread_noeof(idx->ert->mlt_table, sizeof(uint8_t), size, ml_tbl_fd);
+
+		// Read binary ref
+		bref_fd = fopen(bref_file_name, "rb");
+		if (bref_fd == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "[M::%s::ERT] Can't open binary reference file\n.", __func__);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		fseek(bref_fd, 0L, SEEK_END);
+		idx->ert->bref_size = ftell(bref_fd);
+		if (bwa_verbose >= 3) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "[M::%s::ERT] Reading binary reference to memory\n", __func__);
+		}
+		allocMem += idx->ert->bref_size;
+		idx->ert->bref = (uint8_t *)malloc(idx->ert->bref_size * sizeof(uint8_t));
+		fseek(bref_fd, 0L, SEEK_SET);
+		err_fread_noeof(idx->ert->bref, sizeof(uint8_t), idx->ert->bref_size, bref_fd);
+
 		fclose(kmer_tbl_fd);
 		fclose(ml_tbl_fd);
-		if (bwa_verbose >= 3)
-		{
+		fclose(bref_fd);
+		if (bwa_verbose >= 3) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "[M::%s::ERT] Index tables loaded in %.3f CPU sec, %.3f real sec...\n", __func__, cputime() - ctime, realtime() - rtime);
 		}
 	}
@@ -713,6 +732,7 @@ int bwa_mem2ertidx(int64_t l_mem, uint8_t *mem, bwaidx_t *idx)
 	x = sizeof(ERT); idx->ert = malloc(x); memcpy(idx->ert, mem + k, x); k += x;
 	x = idx->ert->mlt_size; idx->ert->mlt_table = (uint8_t *)(mem + k); k += x;
 	x = idx->ert->kmer_size; idx->ert->kmer_offsets = (uint64_t *)(mem + k); k += x;
+// 	x = idx->ert->bref_size; idx->ert->bref = (uint8_t *)(mem + k); k += x;
 
 	// generate idx->bns and idx->pac
 	mem_to_bnspac(idx, &mem, &k);
@@ -774,9 +794,14 @@ int bwa_ertidx2mem(bwaidx_t *idx)
 	x = idx->ert->kmer_size;
 	mem = realloc(mem, k + x); memcpy(mem + k, idx->ert->kmer_offsets, x); k += x;
 	free(idx->ert->kmer_offsets); idx->ert->kmer_offsets = 0;
+
+	x = idx->ert->bref_size;
+	mem = realloc(mem, k + x); memcpy(mem + k, idx->ert->bref, x); k += x;
+	free(idx->ert->bref); idx->ert->bref = 0;
 	free(idx->ert);
 	idx->ert = 0;
 
+
 	// copy idx->bns
 	move_bns_to_mem(idx, &mem, &k);
 	// copy idx->pac
diff --git a/bwa.h b/bwa.h
index c8012fc..583423b 100644
--- a/bwa.h
+++ b/bwa.h
@@ -51,8 +51,10 @@
 typedef struct {
 	uint64_t *kmer_offsets; // ert kmer
 	uint8_t *mlt_table;		// ert mlt
+	uint8_t *bref; // binary ref
 	uint64_t kmer_size;
 	uint64_t mlt_size;
+	uint64_t bref_size;
 } ERT;
 
 typedef struct {
diff --git a/bwamem.c b/bwamem.c
index 29237b6..1977fd4 100644
--- a/bwamem.c
+++ b/bwamem.c
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 #include "fmt_idx.h"
 #include "profiling.h"
 #include "debug.h"
+#include "ertseeding.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_MALLOC_WRAPPERS
 #  include "malloc_wrap.h"
@@ -75,6 +76,9 @@
 
 static const bntseq_t *global_bns = 0; // for debugging only
 
+#define smem_lt_2(a, b) ((a).start == (b).start ? (a).end < (b).end : (a).start < (b).start)
+KSORT_INIT(mem_smem_sort_lt, mem_t, smem_lt_2)
+
 mem_opt_t *mem_opt_init()
 {
 	mem_opt_t *o;
@@ -1264,11 +1268,11 @@ static void smem_aux_destroy(smem_aux_t *a)
 }
 
 // 初始化线程需要的数据
-mem_worker_t *init_mem_worker(const mem_opt_t *opt, const FMTIndex *fmt, const bntseq_t *bns, const uint8_t *pac)
+mem_worker_t *init_mem_worker(const mem_opt_t *opt, const FMTIndex *fmt, const ERT *ert, const bntseq_t *bns, const uint8_t *pac, int useERT)
 {
 	int i = opt->n_threads, j;
 	mem_worker_t *w = calloc(1, sizeof(mem_worker_t));
-	w->opt = opt; w->bns = bns; w->pac = pac; w->fmt = fmt;
+	w->opt = opt; w->bns = bns; w->pac = pac; w->fmt = fmt; w->ert = ert; w->useERT = useERT;
 	w->calc_isize = 0; w->n = 0; w->regs = 0;
 	w->aux = malloc(i * sizeof(smem_aux_t));
 	w->smem_arr = malloc(i * sizeof(smem_v *));
@@ -1509,7 +1513,6 @@ void mem_core_process(const mem_opt_t *opt, const FMTIndex *fmt, const bntseq_t
 					  bseq1_t *seq_arr, int nseq, smem_aux_t *aux, smem_v *smem_arr, mem_chain_v *chain_arr, mem_alnreg_v *reg_arr,
 					  int calc_isize, int64_t l_pac, uint64_v *isize, int tid)
 {
-
 	int i, j, l_seq;
 	mem_chain_v *chnp;
 	mem_alnreg_v *regp;
@@ -1602,13 +1605,270 @@ void mem_core_process(const mem_opt_t *opt, const FMTIndex *fmt, const bntseq_t
 	}
 #endif
 }
+
+void ert_generate_chain(const mem_opt_t *opt, const bntseq_t *bns, int len, const uint8_t *seq, 
+		                mem_v *smems, mem_chain_v *chain, u64v *hits, int tid)
+{
+	int i, b = 0, e = 0, l_rep = 0;
+	int64_t l_pac = bns->l_pac;
+	kbtree_t(chn) * tree;
+	if (len < opt->min_seed_len) return;  // if the query is shorter than the seed length, no match
+	tree = kb_init(chn, KB_DEFAULT_SIZE + 8); // +8, due to addition of counters in chain
+	for (i = 0, b = e = l_rep = 0; i < smems->n; ++i) { // compute frac_rep
+        mem_t *p = &smems->a[i];
+        int sb = p->start, se = p->end;
+        if (p->hitcount <= opt->max_occ) continue;
+        if (sb > e) l_rep += e - b, b = sb, e = se;
+        else e = e > se? e : se;
+    }
+    l_rep += e - b;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < smems->n; ++i) {
+		mem_t *p = &smems->a[i];
+		int step, count, slen = p->end - p->start; // seed length
+		int64_t k;
+		step = p->hitcount > opt->max_occ ? p->hitcount / opt->max_occ : 1;
+		for (k = count = 0; k < p->hitcount && count < opt->max_occ; k += step, ++count) {
+			mem_chain_t tmp, *lower, *upper;
+			mem_seed_t s;
+			int rid, to_add = 0;
+			if (p->forward || p->fetch_leaves) {
+				s.rbeg = tmp.pos = hits->a[p->hitbeg + k]; // this is the base coordinate in the forward-reverse reference
+			}
+			else {
+				// Hit was obtained by backward search and corresponds to location of reverse complemented SMEM
+				// Add correction to hit position to get locations of SMEM.
+				s.rbeg = tmp.pos = (bns->l_pac << 1) - (hits->a[p->hitbeg + k] + slen - p->end_correction);
+			}
+			s.qbeg = p->start;
+			s.len = p->end - p->start;
+			s.score = s.len;
+			rid = bns_intv2rid(bns, s.rbeg, s.rbeg + s.len);
+			if (rid < 0) continue; // bridging multiple reference sequences or the forward-reverse boundary; TODO: split the seed; don't discard it!!!
+			if (kb_size(tree)) {
+				kb_intervalp(chn, tree, &tmp, &lower, &upper); // find the closest chain
+				if (!lower || !test_and_merge(opt, l_pac, lower, &s, rid)) to_add = 1;
+			}
+			else to_add = 1;
+			if (to_add) { // add the seed as a new chain
+				tmp.n = 1;
+				tmp.m = 4;
+				tmp.seeds = calloc(tmp.m, sizeof(mem_seed_t));
+				tmp.seeds[0] = s;
+				tmp.rid = rid;
+				tmp.is_alt = !!bns->anns[rid].is_alt;
+				kb_putp(chn, tree, &tmp);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (chain->m < kb_size(tree)) {
+		kv_resize(mem_chain_t, *chain, kb_size(tree));
+	}
+
+#define traverse_func(p_) (chain->a[chain->n++] = *(p_))
+	__kb_traverse(mem_chain_t, tree, traverse_func);
+#undef traverse_func
+
+	for (i = 0; i < chain->n; ++i) chain->a[i].frac_rep = (float)l_rep / len;
+	if (bwa_verbose >= 4) printf("* fraction of repetitive seeds: %.3f\n", (float)l_rep / len);
+	kb_destroy(chn, tree);
+}
+
+void ert_smem_chain(const mem_opt_t *opt, const ERT *ert, const bntseq_t *bns, const uint8_t *pac,
+					int len, const uint8_t *seq, smem_aux_t *aux, mem_chain_v *chn, int tid)
+{
+	if (len < opt->min_seed_len) return; // if the query is shorter than the seed length, no match
+	if (len > ERT_MAX_READ_LEN)
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "Your dataset has reads with length %d. But the ERT index built was for reads with length <= %d. "
+		                "Please set ERT_MAX_READ_LEN to the maximum read length in your dataset and rebuild the ERT index. "
+						"Default ERT index supports mapping of reads with length <= %d bp\n", len, ERT_MAX_READ_LEN, ERT_MAX_READ_LEN);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	mem_v *smems = calloc(1, sizeof(mem_v)); kv_init(*smems);
+	u64v *hits = calloc(1, sizeof(u64v)); kv_init(*hits);
+	// int64_t seedBufSize = 256;
+	// mem_seed_t *seedBuf = malloc(sizeof(mem_seed_t) * seedBufSize);
+	// int64_t seedBufCount = 0;
+
+	int hasN = 0;
+	int i;
+	uint8_t unpacked_rc_queue_buf[ERT_MAX_READ_LEN];
+
+
+	for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		if (seq[i] < 4) {
+			unpacked_rc_queue_buf[len - i - 1] = 3 - seq[i];
+		} else {
+			hasN = 1;
+			unpacked_rc_queue_buf[len - i - 1] = 4;
+		}
+	}
+
+	int split_len = (int)(opt->min_seed_len * opt->split_factor + .499);
+	index_aux_t iaux;
+	iaux.kmer_offsets = ert->kmer_offsets;
+	iaux.mlt_table = ert->mlt_table;
+	iaux.bns = bns;
+	iaux.pac = pac;
+	iaux.ref_string = ert->bref;
+
+	read_aux_t raux;
+	raux.min_seed_len = opt->min_seed_len;
+	raux.l_seq = len;
+	raux.unpacked_queue_buf = (uint8_t *)seq;
+	raux.unpacked_rc_queue_buf = unpacked_rc_queue_buf;
+
+	hits->n = 0;
+
+	// seed-1
+	PROF_START(seed_1);
+	if (hasN) {
+		get_seeds(&iaux, &raux, smems, hits);
+	}
+	else {
+		get_seeds_prefix(&iaux, &raux, smems, hits);
+	}
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_SEED_1][tid], seed_1);
+	// fprintf(stderr, "hits: %ld\n", hits->n);
+
+	// seed-2
+	PROF_START(seed_2);
+	int old_n = smems->n;
+	for (i = 0; i < old_n; ++i) {
+		int qbeg = smems->a[i].start;
+		int qend = smems->a[i].end;
+		if ((qend - qbeg) < split_len || smems->a[i].hitcount > opt->split_width) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (hasN) {
+			reseed(&iaux, &raux, smems,
+				   (qbeg + qend) >> 1, smems->a[i].hitcount + 1,
+				   &smems->a[i].pt, hits);
+		}
+		else {
+			reseed_prefix(&iaux, &raux, smems,
+						  (qbeg + qend) >> 1, smems->a[i].hitcount + 1,
+						  &smems->a[i].pt, hits);
+		}
+	}
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_SEED_2][tid], seed_2);
+
+	// seed-3
+	PROF_START(seed_3);
+	last(&iaux, &raux, smems, opt->max_mem_intv, hits);
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_SEED_3][tid], seed_3);
+
+	// sort
+	ks_introsort(mem_smem_sort_lt, smems->n, smems->a);
+
+	// chain
+	PROF_START(chain_all);
+	chn->n = 0;
+	PROF_START(gen_chain);
+	ert_generate_chain(opt, bns, len, seq,
+					   smems, chn, hits, tid);
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_GEN_CHAIN][tid], gen_chain);
+	PROF_START(flt_chain);
+	chn->n = mem_chain_flt(opt, chn->n, chn->a);
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_FLT_CHAIN][tid], flt_chain);
+	PROF_START(flt_chained_seeds);
+	mem_flt_chained_seeds(opt, bns, pac, len, (uint8_t *)seq, chn->n, chn->a, aux->seq_buf);
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_FLT_CHANNED_SEEDS][tid], flt_chained_seeds);
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_CHAIN_ALL][tid], chain_all);
+	kv_destroy(*smems); free(smems);
+	kv_destroy(*hits); free(hits);
+}
+
+// 使用ERT作为seeding阶段索引
+void ert_mem_core_process(const mem_opt_t *opt, const ERT *ert, const bntseq_t *bns, const uint8_t *pac,
+					  bseq1_t *seq_arr, int nseq, smem_aux_t *aux, smem_v *smem_arr, mem_chain_v *chain_arr, mem_alnreg_v *reg_arr,
+					  int calc_isize, int64_t l_pac, uint64_v *isize, int tid)
+{
+	int i, j, l_seq;
+	mem_chain_v *chnp;
+	mem_alnreg_v *regp;
+	char *seq;
+
+	// 1. seeding and 2. chain
+	PROF_START(seed_all);
+	for (i = 0; i < nseq; ++i) {
+		seq = seq_arr[i].seq;
+		l_seq = seq_arr[i].l_seq;
+		for (j = 0; j < l_seq; ++j) {
+			seq[j] = seq[j] < 4 ? seq[j] : nst_nt4_table[(int)seq[j]];
+		}
+		ert_smem_chain(opt, ert, bns, pac, l_seq, (uint8_t *)seq, aux, &chain_arr[i], tid);
+	}
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_SEED_ALL][tid], seed_all);
+
+	// 3. align
+	PROF_START(aln_all);
+	for (i=0; i<nseq; ++i) {
+		seq = seq_arr[i].seq;
+		l_seq = seq_arr[i].l_seq;
+		chnp = chain_arr + i;
+		regp = reg_arr + i;
+		kv_init(*regp);
+
+		for(j=0; j<chnp->n; ++j) {
+			mem_chain_t *p = &chnp->a[j];
+			if (bwa_verbose >= 4) err_printf("* ---> Processing chain(%d) <---\n", j);
+			mem_chain2aln(opt, bns, pac, l_seq, (uint8_t*)seq, p, regp, aux, tid);
+			free(chnp->a[j].seeds);
+		}
+
+		free(chnp->a); chnp->m = 0; chnp->a = 0;
+		regp->n = mem_sort_dedup_patch(opt, bns, pac, (uint8_t *)seq, regp->n, regp->a);
+		if (bwa_verbose >= 4) {
+			err_printf("* %ld chains remain after removing duplicated chains\n", regp->n);
+			for (j = 0; j < regp->n; ++j) {
+				mem_alnreg_t *p = &regp->a[j];
+				printf("** %d, [%d,%d) <=> [%ld,%ld)\n", p->score, p->qb, p->qe, (long)p->rb, (long)p->re);
+			}
+		}
+		for (j = 0; j < regp->n; ++j) {
+			mem_alnreg_t *p = &regp->a[j];
+			if (p->rid >= 0 && bns->anns[p->rid].is_alt)
+				p->is_alt = 1;
+		}
+	}
+	PROF_END(tprof[T_ALN_ALL][tid], aln_all);
+
+#if 1
+	// 4. calc insert size
+
+#define MIN_RATIO     0.8
+	if (calc_isize) {
+		PROF_START(ins_size);
+		for (i = 0; i < nseq>>1; ++i) {
+			int dir;
+			int64_t is;
+			mem_alnreg_v *r[2];
+			r[0] = (mem_alnreg_v*)&reg_arr[i<<1|0];
+			r[1] = (mem_alnreg_v*)&reg_arr[i<<1|1];
+			if (r[0]->n == 0 || r[1]->n == 0) continue;
+			if (cal_sub(opt, r[0]) > MIN_RATIO * r[0]->a[0].score) continue;
+			if (cal_sub(opt, r[1]) > MIN_RATIO * r[1]->a[0].score) continue;
+			if (r[0]->a[0].rid != r[1]->a[0].rid) continue; // not on the same chr
+			dir = mem_infer_dir(l_pac, r[0]->a[0].rb, r[1]->a[0].rb, &is);
+			if (is && is <= opt->max_ins) kv_push(uint64_t, isize[dir], is);
+		}
+		PROF_END(tprof[T_INS_SIZE][tid], ins_size);
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
 // 找smem，生成chain，然后align
 static void worker_smem_align(void *data, int i, int tid)
 {
 	mem_worker_t *w = (mem_worker_t *)data;
 	int start = i * w->opt->batch_size;
 	int end = MIN(start + w->opt->batch_size, w->n_reads);
-	mem_core_process(w->opt, w->fmt, w->bns, w->pac, w->seqs + start, end - start, w->aux[tid], w->smem_arr[tid], w->chain_arr[tid], w->regs + start, w->calc_isize, w->bns->l_pac, w->isize_arr[tid], tid);
+	if (w->useERT)
+		ert_mem_core_process(w->opt, w->ert, w->bns, w->pac, w->seqs + start, end - start, w->aux[tid], w->smem_arr[tid], w->chain_arr[tid], w->regs + start, w->calc_isize, w->bns->l_pac, w->isize_arr[tid], tid);
+	else
+		mem_core_process(w->opt, w->fmt, w->bns, w->pac, w->seqs + start, end - start, w->aux[tid], w->smem_arr[tid], w->chain_arr[tid], w->regs + start, w->calc_isize, w->bns->l_pac, w->isize_arr[tid], tid);
 }
 
 void mem_process_seqs(const mem_opt_t *opt, mem_worker_t *w, int64_t n_processed, int n, bseq1_t *seqs, const mem_pestat_t *pes0, seq_sam_t *sams)
@@ -1631,7 +1891,7 @@ void mem_process_seqs(const mem_opt_t *opt, mem_worker_t *w, int64_t n_processed
 	w->n_reads = n; w->pes = &pes[0];
 
 #if 1
-	if ((opt->flag & MEM_F_PE) && !pes0) { // infer insert sizes if not provided
+		if ((opt->flag & MEM_F_PE) && !pes0) { // infer insert sizes if not provided
 		int i, j;
 		w->calc_isize = 1;
 		for (i = 0; i < opt->n_threads; ++i)
diff --git a/bwamem.h b/bwamem.h
index 3f7a2c8..e7fe380 100644
--- a/bwamem.h
+++ b/bwamem.h
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ typedef struct {
 	const mem_opt_t *opt;
 	const bwt_t *bwt;
 	const FMTIndex *fmt;
+	const ERT *ert;
 	const bntseq_t *bns;
 	const uint8_t *pac;
 	const mem_pestat_t *pes;
@@ -170,12 +171,13 @@ typedef struct {
 	int64_t n_processed;
 	int64_t n;
 	int64_t n_reads;
+	int useERT;
 } mem_worker_t;
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
-	mem_worker_t *init_mem_worker(const mem_opt_t *opt, const FMTIndex *fmt, const bntseq_t *bns, const uint8_t *pac);
+	mem_worker_t *init_mem_worker(const mem_opt_t *opt, const FMTIndex *fmt, const ERT *ert, const bntseq_t *bns, const uint8_t *pac, int useERT);
 
 	smem_i *smem_itr_init(const bwt_t *bwt);
 	void smem_itr_destroy(smem_i *itr);
diff --git a/bwashm.c b/bwashm.c
index 99c84b8..53e2be4 100644
--- a/bwashm.c
+++ b/bwashm.c
@@ -8,15 +8,16 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include "bwa.h"
+#include "ertindex.h"
 
-int bwa_shm_stage(bwaidx_t *idx, const char *hint, int useERT, const char *_tmpfn)
+int bwa_shm_stage(bwaidx_t *idx, const char *hint, int useERT)
 {
 
 	const char *name;
 	uint8_t *shm, *shm_idx;
 	uint16_t *cnt;
 	int shmid, to_init = 0, l;
-	char path[PATH_MAX + 1], *tmpfn = (char*)_tmpfn;
+	char path[PATH_MAX + 1], *tmpfn = 0;
 
 	if (hint == 0 || hint[0] == 0) return -1;
 	for (name = hint + strlen(hint) - 1; name >= hint && *name != '/'; --name);
@@ -121,9 +122,16 @@ int bwa_shm_stage(bwaidx_t *idx, const char *hint, int useERT, const char *_tmpf
 bwaidx_t *bwa_ertidx_load_from_shm(const char *hint_)
 {
 	char hint[PATH_MAX];
+	char fn[PATH_MAX];
+	FILE *fp;
 	sprintf(hint, "%s.ert", hint_);
 	INIT_SHM_LOAD;
 	bwa_mem2ertidx(l_mem, shm_idx, idx);
+	idx->ert->bref = (uint8_t *)malloc(idx->ert->bref_size * sizeof(uint8_t));
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.ert.0123", hint_);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	err_fread_noeof(idx->ert->bref, sizeof(uint8_t), idx->ert->bref_size, fp);
+	err_fclose(fp);
 	idx->is_shm = 1;
 	return idx;
 }
@@ -228,23 +236,283 @@ int bwa_shm_destroy(void)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+int bwa_shm_stage_ert(const char *idx_prefix)
+{
+	const char *name;
+	uint8_t *shm, *mem;
+	uint16_t *cnt;
+	int shmid, to_init = 0, l;
+	char path[PATH_MAX], ert_prefix[PATH_MAX];
+	int64_t l_mem = 0, x = 0, k = 0;
+	char fn[PATH_MAX];
+	FILE *fp;
+	ERT ert;
+	bntseq_t *bns;
+	int i;
+
+	// clac l_mem
+	// ert
+	x = sizeof(ERT); l_mem += x;
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.ert.mlt.table", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	err_fseek(fp, 0L, SEEK_END);
+	ert.mlt_size = ftell(fp);
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// multi-level tree
+	x = ert.mlt_size; l_mem += x;
+	// kmer entry
+	ert.kmer_size = numKmers * sizeof(uint64_t);
+	x = ert.kmer_size; l_mem += x;
+	// binary ref
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.ert.0123", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	fseek(fp, 0L, SEEK_END);
+	ert.bref_size = ftell(fp);
+//	x = ert.bref_size; l_mem += x;
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// bns
+	x = sizeof(bntseq_t); l_mem += x;
+	bns = bns_restore(idx_prefix);
+	x = bns->n_holes * sizeof(bntamb1_t); l_mem += x;
+	x = bns->n_seqs * sizeof(bntann1_t); l_mem += x;
+	for (i = 0; i < bns->n_seqs; ++i) {
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].name) + 1; l_mem += x;
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].anno) + 1; l_mem += x;
+	}
+	// pac
+	x = bns->l_pac / 4 + 1; l_mem += x;
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "l_mem: %ld\n", l_mem);
+
+	sprintf(ert_prefix, "%s.ert", idx_prefix);
+	for (name = ert_prefix + strlen(ert_prefix) - 1; name >= ert_prefix && *name != '/'; --name);
+	++name;
+	if ((shmid = shm_open("/bwactl", O_RDWR, 0)) < 0) {
+		shmid = shm_open("/bwactl", O_CREAT|O_RDWR|O_EXCL, 0644);
+		to_init = 1;
+	}
+	if (shmid < 0) return -1;
+	if (ftruncate(shmid, BWA_CTL_SIZE) < 0) return -1;
+	shm = mmap(0, BWA_CTL_SIZE, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, shmid, 0);
+	cnt = (uint16_t*)shm;
+	if (to_init) {
+		memset(shm, 0, BWA_CTL_SIZE);
+		cnt[1] = 4;
+	}
+	strcat(strcpy(path, "/bwaidx-"), name);
+	if ((shmid = shm_open(path, O_CREAT|O_RDWR|O_EXCL, 0644)) < 0) {
+		shm_unlink(path);
+		perror("shm_open()");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	l = 8 + strlen(name) + 1;
+	if (cnt[1] + l > BWA_CTL_SIZE) return -1;
+	memcpy(shm + cnt[1], &l_mem, 8);
+	memcpy(shm + cnt[1] + 8, name, l - 8);
+	cnt[1] += l; ++cnt[0];
+	if (ftruncate(shmid, l_mem) < 0) return -1;
+	mem = mmap(0, l_mem, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, shmid, 0);
+
+	// write to share mem
+	// ert
+	x = sizeof(ERT);
+	memcpy(mem, &ert, x); k = x;
+	// multi-level tree
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.ert.mlt.table", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	x = ert.mlt_size;
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// kmer entry
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.ert.kmer.table", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	x = ert.kmer_size;
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// binary ref
+//	sprintf(fn, "%s.ert.0123", idx_prefix);
+//	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+//	x = ert.bref_size;
+//	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+//	err_fclose(fp);
+	// bns
+	x = sizeof(bntseq_t); memcpy(mem + k, bns, x); k += x;
+	x = bns->n_holes * sizeof(bntamb1_t); memcpy(mem + k, bns->ambs, x); k += x;
+	x = bns->n_seqs * sizeof(bntann1_t); memcpy(mem + k, bns->anns, x); k += x;
+		for (i = 0; i < bns->n_seqs; ++i) {
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].name) + 1; memcpy(mem + k, bns->anns[i].name, x); k += x;
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].anno) + 1; memcpy(mem + k, bns->anns[i].anno, x); k += x;
+	}
+	// pac
+	x = bns->l_pac / 4 + 1;
+	err_fread_noeof(mem + k, 1, x, bns->fp_pac); k += x;// concatenated 2-bit encoded sequence
+	err_fclose(bns->fp_pac);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "k: %ld\n", k);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int bwa_shm_stage_fmt(const char *idx_prefix)
+{
+	const char *name;
+	uint8_t *shm, *mem;
+	uint16_t *cnt;
+	int shmid, to_init = 0, l;
+	char path[PATH_MAX];
+	int64_t l_mem = 0, x = 0, k = 0;
+	char fn[PATH_MAX];
+	FILE *fp;
+	FMTIndex fmt;
+	bntseq_t *bns;
+	int i;
+	// clac l_mem
+	// fmt
+	x = sizeof(FMTIndex); l_mem += x;
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.fmt", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	err_fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
+	x = ftell(fp) - sizeof(bwtint_t) * 6 - 3; l_mem += x;
+	fmt.bwt_size = x >> 2;
+	fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
+	err_fread_noeof(&fmt.primary, sizeof(bwtint_t), 1, fp);
+	err_fread_noeof(&fmt.sec_primary, sizeof(bwtint_t), 1, fp);
+	err_fread_noeof(&fmt.sec_bcp, sizeof(uint8_t), 1, fp);
+	err_fread_noeof(&fmt.first_base, sizeof(uint8_t), 1, fp);
+	err_fread_noeof(&fmt.last_base, sizeof(uint8_t), 1, fp);
+	err_fread_noeof(fmt.L2 + 1, sizeof(bwtint_t), 4, fp);
+	fmt.seq_len = fmt.L2[4];
+	fmt_gen_cnt_occ(&fmt);
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// sa
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.bytesa", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	err_fseek(fp, sizeof(bwtint_t) * 5, SEEK_SET);
+	err_fread_noeof(&fmt.sa_intv, sizeof(bwtint_t), 1, fp);
+	fmt.n_sa = (fmt.seq_len + fmt.sa_intv) / fmt.sa_intv;
+	x = SA_BYTES(fmt.n_sa); l_mem += x;
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// kmaer hash
+	x = (1 << (10 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntryArr)
+	  + (1 << (11 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry)
+	  + (1 << (12 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+#if HASH_KMER_LEN > 12
+	x += (1 << (13 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+#endif
+#if HASH_KMER_LEN > 13
+	x += (1 << (14 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+#endif
+	l_mem += x;
+	// bns
+	x = sizeof(bntseq_t); l_mem += x;
+	bns = bns_restore(idx_prefix);
+	x = bns->n_holes * sizeof(bntamb1_t); l_mem += x;
+	x = bns->n_seqs * sizeof(bntann1_t); l_mem += x;
+	for (i = 0; i < bns->n_seqs; ++i) {
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].name) + 1; l_mem += x;
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].anno) + 1; l_mem += x;
+	}
+	// pac
+	x = bns->l_pac / 4 + 1; l_mem += x;
+	fmt.l_pac = bns->l_pac;
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "l_mem: %ld\n", l_mem);
+
+	for (name = idx_prefix + strlen(idx_prefix) - 1; name >= idx_prefix && *name != '/'; --name) ;
+	++name;
+	if ((shmid = shm_open("/bwactl", O_RDWR, 0)) < 0) {
+		shmid = shm_open("/bwactl", O_CREAT|O_RDWR|O_EXCL, 0644);
+		to_init = 1;
+	}
+	if (shmid < 0) return -1;
+	if (ftruncate(shmid, BWA_CTL_SIZE) < 0) return -1;
+	shm = mmap(0, BWA_CTL_SIZE, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, shmid, 0);
+	cnt = (uint16_t*)shm;
+	if (to_init) {
+		memset(shm, 0, BWA_CTL_SIZE);
+		cnt[1] = 4;
+	}
+	strcat(strcpy(path, "/bwaidx-"), name);
+	if ((shmid = shm_open(path, O_CREAT|O_RDWR|O_EXCL, 0644)) < 0) {
+		shm_unlink(path);
+		perror("shm_open()");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	l = 8 + strlen(name) + 1;
+	if (cnt[1] + l > BWA_CTL_SIZE) return -1;
+	memcpy(shm + cnt[1], &l_mem, 8);
+	memcpy(shm + cnt[1] + 8, name, l - 8);
+	cnt[1] += l; ++cnt[0];
+	if (ftruncate(shmid, l_mem) < 0) return -1;
+	mem = mmap(0, l_mem, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, shmid, 0);
+
+	// write to share mem
+	
+	// fmt
+	x = sizeof(FMTIndex);
+	memcpy(mem, &fmt, x); k = x;
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.fmt", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	err_fseek(fp, sizeof(bwtint_t) * 6 + 3, SEEK_SET);
+	x = fmt.bwt_size * 4;
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// sa
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.bytesa", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	err_fseek(fp, sizeof(bwtint_t) * 7, SEEK_SET);
+	x = SA_BYTES(fmt.n_sa);
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// kmer hash
+	sprintf(fn, "%s.kmer", idx_prefix);
+	fp = xopen(fn, "rb");
+	x = (1 << (10 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntryArr);
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+	x = (1 << (11 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+	x = (1 << (12 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+#if HASH_KMER_LEN > 12
+	x = (1 << (13 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+#endif
+#if HASH_KMER_LEN > 13
+	x = (1 << (14 << 1)) * sizeof(KmerEntry);
+	fread_fix(fp, x, mem + k); k += x;
+#endif
+	err_fclose(fp);
+	// bns
+	x = sizeof(bntseq_t); memcpy(mem + k, bns, x); k += x;
+	x = bns->n_holes * sizeof(bntamb1_t); memcpy(mem + k, bns->ambs, x); k += x;
+	x = bns->n_seqs * sizeof(bntann1_t); memcpy(mem + k, bns->anns, x); k += x;
+		for (i = 0; i < bns->n_seqs; ++i) {
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].name) + 1; memcpy(mem + k, bns->anns[i].name, x); k += x;
+		x = strlen(bns->anns[i].anno) + 1; memcpy(mem + k, bns->anns[i].anno, x); k += x;
+	}
+	// pac
+	x = bns->l_pac / 4 + 1;
+	err_fread_noeof(mem + k, 1, x, bns->fp_pac); k += x;// concatenated 2-bit encoded sequence
+	err_fclose(bns->fp_pac);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "k: %ld\n", k);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 int main_shm(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
 	int c, to_list = 0, to_drop = 0, ret = 0, useERT = 0;
-	char *tmpfn = 0;
 	char shm_prefix[PATH_MAX];
-	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ldf:Z")) >= 0)
+	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ldZ")) >= 0)
 	{
 		if (c == 'l') to_list = 1;
 		else if (c == 'd') to_drop = 1;
-		else if (c == 'f') tmpfn = optarg;
 		else if (c == 'Z') useERT = 1;
 	}
 	if (optind == argc && !to_list && !to_drop) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "\nUsage: fastbwa shm [-d|-l] [-f tmpFile] [idxbase]\n\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "Options: -d       destroy all indices in shared memory\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "         -l       list names of indices in shared memory\n");
-		fprintf(stderr, "         -f FILE  temporary file to reduce peak memory\n");
 		fprintf(stderr, "         -Z  	   use Ert as seeding index\n\n");
 		return 1;
 	}
@@ -259,16 +527,31 @@ int main_shm(int argc, char *argv[])
 			sprintf(shm_prefix, "%s", argv[optind]);
 		if (bwa_shm_test(shm_prefix) == 0)
 		{
+#if 0
 			bwaidx_t *idx;
 			if (useERT)
 				idx = bwa_ertidx_load_from_disk(argv[optind]);
 			else
 				idx = bwa_idx_load_from_disk(argv[optind], BWA_IDX_BNS | BWA_IDX_PAC | BWA_IDX_FMT);
-			if (bwa_shm_stage(idx, shm_prefix, useERT, tmpfn) < 0) {
+			if (bwa_shm_stage(idx, shm_prefix, useERT) < 0) {
 				fprintf(stderr, "[E::%s] failed to stage the index in shared memory\n", __func__);
 				ret = 1;
 			}
 			bwa_idx_destroy(idx);
+#else
+			if (useERT) {
+				if (bwa_shm_stage_ert(argv[optind]) < 0) {
+					fprintf(stderr, "[E::%s] failed to stage the index in shared memory\n", __func__);
+					ret = 1;
+				}
+			}
+			else {
+				if (bwa_shm_stage_fmt(argv[optind]) < 0) {
+					fprintf(stderr, "[E::%s] failed to stage the index in shared memory\n", __func__);
+					ret = 1;
+				}
+			}
+#endif
 		}
 		else
 			fprintf(stderr, "[M::%s] index '%s' is already in shared memory\n", __func__, argv[optind]);
diff --git a/bwtindex.c b/bwtindex.c
index 0ff19b9..eadd6b8 100644
--- a/bwtindex.c
+++ b/bwtindex.c
@@ -146,6 +146,57 @@ int bwa_pac2bwt(int argc, char *argv[]) // the "pac2bwt" command; IMPORTANT: bwt
 	return 0;
 }
 
+int bwa_pac2bref(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	FILE *fp_pac, *fp_bref;
+	uint64_t pac_size, pac_len, seq_len, bref_size;
+	int64_t i;
+	uint8_t *pac_buf, *bref_buf;
+	uint8_t c;
+	char pac_file_name[PATH_MAX];
+	char binary_ref_name[PATH_MAX];
+	if (optind + 1 > argc)
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fastbwa pac2ref <index_prefix>\n");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	sprintf(pac_file_name, "%s.pac", argv[optind]);
+	sprintf(binary_ref_name, "%s.ert.0123", argv[optind]);
+
+	fp_pac = xopen(pac_file_name, "rb");
+	err_fseek(fp_pac, -1, SEEK_END);
+	pac_len = err_ftell(fp_pac);
+	err_fread_noeof(&c, 1, 1, fp_pac);
+	seq_len = (pac_len - 1) * 4 + (int)c;
+
+	err_fseek(fp_pac, 0, SEEK_SET);
+	pac_size = (seq_len >> 2) + ((seq_len & 3) == 0 ? 0 : 1);
+	pac_buf = (uint8_t *)calloc(pac_size, 1);
+	err_fread_noeof(pac_buf, 1, pac_size, fp_pac);
+	err_fclose(fp_pac);
+
+	bref_size = seq_len * 2;
+	bref_buf = (uint8_t *)malloc(bref_size);
+	for (i = 0; i < seq_len; ++i) {
+		int nt = pac_buf[i >> 2] >> ((3 - (i & 3)) << 1) & 3;
+		bref_buf[i] = nt;
+	}
+
+	for (i = seq_len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+		int64_t j = bref_size - i - 1;
+		bref_buf[j] = 3 - bref_buf[i];
+	}
+
+	fp_bref = xopen(binary_ref_name, "wb");
+	err_fwrite(bref_buf, sizeof(uint8_t), bref_size, fp_bref);
+
+	free(bref_buf);
+	free(pac_buf);
+	err_fclose(fp_bref);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 #define bwt_B00(b, k) ((b)->bwt[(k)>>4]>>((~(k)&0xf)<<1)&3)
 
 void bwt_bwtupdate_core(bwt_t *bwt)
diff --git a/ertseeding.c b/ertseeding.c
index 49d59c6..0bc3645 100644
--- a/ertseeding.c
+++ b/ertseeding.c
@@ -3031,7 +3031,7 @@ void get_seeds_prefix(index_aux_t* iaux, read_aux_t* raux, mem_v* smems, u64v* h
 		sh.prev_prev_pivot = sh.prev_pivot;
 		sh.prev_pivot = rm.start;
 		memset(raux->lep, 0, 5 * sizeof(uint64_t));
-		break; // zzh
+		// break; // zzh
 	}
 #ifdef PRINT_SMEM
 	ks_introsort(mem_smem_sort_lt_ert, smems->n, smems->a); // Sort SMEMs based on start pos in read. For DEBUG.
@@ -3167,7 +3167,7 @@ void get_seeds(index_aux_t* iaux, read_aux_t* raux, mem_v* smems, u64v* hits) {
 		sh.prev_prev_pivot = sh.prev_pivot;
 		sh.prev_pivot = rm.start;
 		memset(raux->lep, 0, 5 * sizeof(uint64_t));
-		break; // zzh
+		// break; // zzh
 	}
 #ifdef PRINT_SMEM
 	ks_introsort(mem_smem_sort_lt_ert, smems->n, smems->a); // Sort SMEMs based on start pos in read. For DEBUG. 
diff --git a/fastmap.c b/fastmap.c
index 82fcb42..eaa3c07 100644
--- a/fastmap.c
+++ b/fastmap.c
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ typedef struct {
 	long read_idx;
 	long calc_idx;
 	long write_idx;
-	int useERT;
 } ktp_aux_t;
 
 // read
@@ -636,8 +635,7 @@ int main_mem(int argc, char *argv[])
 	}
 
 	//fprintf(stderr, "%ld %ld %ld %ld %ld\n", aux.idx->fmt->L2[0], aux.idx->fmt->L2[1], aux.idx->fmt->L2[2], aux.idx->fmt->L2[3], aux.idx->fmt->L2[4]);
-	aux.useERT = useERT;
-	aux.w = init_mem_worker(opt, aux.idx->fmt, aux.idx->bns, aux.idx->pac);
+	aux.w = init_mem_worker(opt, aux.idx->fmt, aux.idx->ert, aux.idx->bns, aux.idx->pac, useERT);
 	aux.data = calloc(2, sizeof(ktp_data_t));
 
 	bwa_print_sam_hdr(aux.idx->bns, hdr_line);
diff --git a/fmt_idx.h b/fmt_idx.h
index cb8436a..26b4c4d 100644
--- a/fmt_idx.h
+++ b/fmt_idx.h
@@ -117,4 +117,5 @@ int fmt_seed_strategy1(const FMTIndex *fmt, int len, const uint8_t *q, int x, in
 bwtint_t fmt_sa(const FMTIndex *fmt, bwtint_t k);
 bwtint_t fmt_sa_offset(const FMTIndex *fmt, bwtint_t k);
 
+void fmt_gen_cnt_occ(FMTIndex *fmt);
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ksw.c b/ksw.c
index 02f4f19..7f9cdeb 100644
--- a/ksw.c
+++ b/ksw.c
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ kswr_t ksw_u8(kswq_t *q, int tlen, const uint8_t *target, int _o_del, int _e_del
 		_mm_store_si128(Hmax + i, zero);
 	}
 	// the core loop
-	PROF_START(loop);
+//	PROF_START(loop);
 	for (i = 0; i < tlen; ++i) {
 		int j, k, imax;
 		__m128i e, h, t, f = zero, max = zero, *S = q->qp + target[i] * slen; // s is the 1st score vector
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ end_loop16:
 		}
 		S = H1; H1 = H0; H0 = S; // swap H0 and H1
 	}
-	PROF_END(gprof[G_KSW_LOOP], loop);
-	PROF_START(end_loop);
+//	PROF_END(gprof[G_KSW_LOOP], loop);
+//	PROF_START(end_loop);
 	r.score = gmax + q->shift < 255? gmax : 255;
 	r.te = te;
 	if (r.score != 255) { // get a->qe, the end of query match; find the 2nd best score
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ end_loop16:
 		}
 	}
 	free(b);
-	PROF_END(gprof[G_KSW_END_LOOP], end_loop);
+//	PROF_END(gprof[G_KSW_END_LOOP], end_loop);
 	return r;
 }
 
diff --git a/main.c b/main.c
index ca98d99..0ba5df8 100644
--- a/main.c
+++ b/main.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 
 int bwa_fa2pac(int argc, char *argv[]);
 int bwa_pac2bwt(int argc, char *argv[]);
+int bwa_pac2bref(int argc, char *argv[]);
 int bwa_bwtupdate(int argc, char *argv[]);
 int bwa_bwt2sa(int argc, char *argv[]);
 int bwa_bwt2bytesa(int argc, char *argv[]);
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ static int usage()
 	fprintf(stderr, "         fa2pac        convert FASTA to PAC format\n");
 	fprintf(stderr, "         pac2bwt       generate BWT from PAC\n");
 	fprintf(stderr, "         pac2bwtgen    alternative algorithm for generating BWT\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "         pac2bref      generate binary reference from PAC\n");
 	fprintf(stderr, "         bwtupdate     update .bwt to the new format\n");
 	fprintf(stderr, "         bwt2sa        generate SA from BWT and Occ\n");
 	fprintf(stderr, "         bwt2bytesa    generate SA(using byte array) from BWT and Occ\n");
@@ -107,6 +109,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	if (strcmp(argv[1], "fa2pac") == 0) ret = bwa_fa2pac(argc-1, argv+1);
 	else if (strcmp(argv[1], "pac2bwt") == 0) ret = bwa_pac2bwt(argc-1, argv+1);
 	else if (strcmp(argv[1], "pac2bwtgen") == 0) ret = bwt_bwtgen_main(argc-1, argv+1);
+	else if (strcmp(argv[1], "pac2bref") == 0) ret = bwa_pac2bref(argc-1, argv+1);
 	else if (strcmp(argv[1], "bwtupdate") == 0) ret = bwa_bwtupdate(argc-1, argv+1);
 	else if (strcmp(argv[1], "bwt2sa") == 0) ret = bwa_bwt2sa(argc-1, argv+1);
 	else if (strcmp(argv[1], "bwt2bytesa") == 0) ret = bwa_bwt2bytesa(argc-1, argv+1);
diff --git a/profiling.c b/profiling.c
index 0689c79..f77a238 100644
--- a/profiling.c
+++ b/profiling.c
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ int display_stats(int nthreads)
     find_opt(tprof[T_GEN_CHAIN], nthreads, &max, &min, &avg);
     fprintf(stderr, "time_gen_chain:         %0.2lf s\n", avg);
     find_opt(tprof[T_FLT_CHAIN], nthreads, &max, &min, &avg);
-    fprintf(stderr, "time_fil_chain:         %0.2lf s\n", avg);
+    fprintf(stderr, "time_flt_chain:         %0.2lf s\n", avg);
     find_opt(tprof[T_FLT_CHANNED_SEEDS], nthreads, &max, &min, &avg);
     fprintf(stderr, "time_flt_chained_seeds: %0.2lf s\n", avg);
     find_opt(tprof[T_SAL], nthreads, &max, &min, &avg);
diff --git a/run.sh b/run.sh
index 60d5088..e850b9d 100755
--- a/run.sh
+++ b/run.sh
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
-thread=1
+thread=64
 
 ## d1 k18<=4 89%
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/SRR25735653_1.fastq
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/SRR25735653_2.fastq
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/1w_1.fq
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/1w_2.fq
-n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/ss_1.fq
-n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/ss_2.fq
+#n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/ss_1.fq
+#n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/ss_2.fq
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/45m_r1.fq
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/45m_r2.fq
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/45mr1.fq.gz
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/45mr2.fq.gz
 ## d2 <= 4 87%
+#n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wgs_101/na12878_r1.fq
+#n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wgs_101/na12878_r2.fq
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wgs_101/s_1.fq
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wgs_101/s_2.fq
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wgs_101/45m_r1.fq
@@ -31,8 +33,8 @@ n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/na12878_wes_144/ss_2.fq
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/45mr2.fq.gz
 #n_r1=~/data/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/s_1.fq
 #n_r2=~/data/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/s_2.fq
-#n_r1=~/data1/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/E150010395_L01_690_1.fq
-#n_r2=~/data1/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/E150010395_L01_690_2.fq
+n_r1=~/data1/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/E150010395_L01_690_1.fq
+n_r2=~/data1/fastq/dataset/zy_wgs/E150010395_L01_690_2.fq
 
 reference=~/data1/fmt_ref/human_g1k_v37_decoy.fasta
 #reference=~/reference/bwa/human_g1k_v37_decoy.fasta
@@ -40,11 +42,12 @@ reference=~/data1/fmt_ref/human_g1k_v37_decoy.fasta
 
 #out=~/data1/out-u8-1.sam
 #out=~/data1/out-i16.sam
-out=~/data1/fmt-out.sam
+#out=~/data1/fmt-out.sam
+out=~/data/fastbwa.ert.sam
 #out=/dev/null
 
 time ./fastbwa mem -t $thread -M -R @RG\\tID:normal\\tSM:normal\\tPL:illumina\\tLB:normal\\tPG:bwa \
-    -Z $reference \
+    $reference \
     $n_r1 \
     $n_r2 \
-    -o $out -2
+    -o $out -2 -Z